Quiz 3 Study Guide

*** Chapter 4 (pps 78-89) ***
Saturation. Saturation is an upper limit to the amount of water vapor that can be found in the air. The saturation mixing ratio is a property of air and depends on the air temperature - there can be a lot more water vapor in warm air than in cold air. When air in a covered glass is saturated with water vapor, condensation balances evaporation. Click here to test yourself on this topic.

Humidity variables. Ways of measuring or specifying the amount of water vapor in the air.
mixing ratio (r) - the actual amount of water vapor in air expressed as grams of water vapor per kilogram of dry air (the units help to understand mixing ratio). This variable is not affected by changes in air temperature (unless you cool air below its dew point temperature) or pressure, it changes only when water vapor is added to or removed from the air.

saturation mixing ratio (rs) - the water vapor capacity of the air in grams of water vapor per kilogram of air. This property of air depends on temperature; you can look the value of rs in a chart or on a graph.

relative humidity (RH) - the amount of water vapor expressed as a percentage of the maximum amount (the saturation amount): RH = 100% x r / rs
RH does not really tell you how much water vapor is in the air. The saturation amount, rs, depends on the air temperature and you may not know what that is. How can you change the RH? How would you expect the RH to change during the day?

dew point temperature (Td) - the temperature to which you must cool air in order for it to become saturated (RH becomes 100%). If you know Td, you can determine the mixing ratio (and vice versa), thus Td is a good measure of the actual amount of water vapor in the air. A large difference between the air temperature and the dew point temperature means the relative humidity is low. What is the RH when the difference is small? When the difference is zero?  Click here if you want to review this material on humidity variables.

Miscellaneous. Cooling moist air to below its dew point and then warming it back up. Rain shadow effect. Why are relative humidities indoors often very low in the wintertime (where did that indoors air originate, did that air contain a lot, or not so much water vapor)? Measuring relative humidity and dew point with a sling psychrometer. Dry and wet bulb temperatures. Heat index (p. 86).  Here are a couple of relatively tough humidity questions to answer.

Sample Questions from the Quiz Packet     Quiz #3: 3, 12, EC3     Final Exam: 1, 14, 49
*** Chapter 4 (pps 89-90, 96-108) ***
Dew, frozen dew, frost. How do these differ (what requirements are there on the nighttime minimum temperature, Tmin, and dew point temperature, Td)?  What weather conditions favor their formation?

Cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). What role do CCN play in cloud formation? Typical sizes and concentrations. Hygroscopic nuclei. Dry haze, wet haze, and fog. "Cloud in a bottle" demonstration. Clouds clean the atmosphere.

Cloud identification and classification. Ten cloud types. Clouds are classified according to altitude and appearance; what key words are used? You should be able to identify each of the 10 cloud types in a picture (eg. Fig. 4.30) or from a written description (eg. high altitude cloud with a filamentary appearance). How would you distinguish between Cc, Ac, and Sc or between Cs and As? What cloud type could produce a halo? Common features on thunderstorm clouds: anvil, mammatus, shelf cloud.

Sample Questions from the Quiz Packet     Quiz #3: 9, 17     Quiz #4: 1, 4, 10, EC2     Final Exam: 8, 44, 50
*** Photocopied Notes (pps 99-100) ***
Satellite Photographs.  Infrared and visible photographs.  What do white and grey on these two types of photographs represent?   Thunderstorms can produce severe weather; how would a thunderstorm appear on VIS and IR photographs?  How can satellites view clouds at night?  How is it possible to see air motions in regions where there aren't any clouds?  Geostationary and low-earth orbit satellites.

Sample Questions from the Quiz Packet     Quiz #4: 8?, 16, EC1     Final Exam: 38
*** Chapter 5 (pps. 121-137) ***
Formation of precipitation. Approximate sizes of cloud condensation nuclei, cloud droplets, and raindrops. It is relatively easy to form cloud droplets (condensation); what about precipitation? Which of the two processes below is the most important precipitation producing process in the US?

Collision coalescence process. Produces rain in warm clouds (clouds in the tropics with water droplets only). Falling droplets collide (why?) and stick together. Effects of cloud thickness and updraft speed on raindrop size. Which cloud type produces the largest raindrops and the heaviest precipitation? About how large can raindrops get (why don't they get any larger)?

Ice crystal process. Structure of a cold cloud. What are supercooled water droplets? Where are they found in cold clouds? Are there more water droplets or ice crystals in the mixed phase region in a cold cloud? Are ice crystal nuclei abundant or scarce in the atmosphere? Where does precipitation begin to form in a cold cloud? Why are ice crystals able to grow while supercooled water droplets do not? Riming (accretion). Graupel. Can the ice crystal process produce rain or just frozen forms of precipitation?

Types of precipitation. Rain, virga, snow (snowflakes), drizzle, fall streaks, sleet (ice pellets), hail, freezing rain, graupel ("soft hail" or snow pellets). What type of cloud and special cloud characteristics are needed for hail formation (see Fig. 5.31 on p. 133)?

Radar.  Microwave radiation is reflected by the precipitation size particles in a cloud; ordinary radar locates the precipitation and provides an estimate of its intensity.  Doppler radar measures the shift in the frequency of the reflected signal and can measure the speed of precipitation particle motion toward or away from the radar antenna.

Sample Questions from the Quiz Packet      Quiz #4: 6, 9, 12, 13, 15     Final Exam: 9, 40

Reviews
Monday
 4-5 pm
 ILC 141
Tuesday
 4-5 pm
 Harvill 318
Wednesday
 4-5 pm
 Harvill 302