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Outline of ATMO 451/551
I. Introduction and Basic Concepts
Composition - gases and particles
Gravitation - Newton's law, g, satellite
orbits
Mass density, r
Barometers and the concept of pressure
Hydrostatic equation
Gas law
Scale heights
II. Gases
Major Species - N2, O2
Residence Time
Importance of Biosphere
CO2 and the carbon
cycle
Water vapor - Physical Properties of water
- Evaporation and condensation
- Saturation vapor density, pressure
- Clausius-Clapeyron relation
- Relative humidity
- Mixing ratios, etc.
Ice - Physical properties
- Ice saturation relative to water
- Electrical properties
Trace Gases - Basic chemistry
Photodissociation
2-body
reactions
3-body
reactions
Chemistry
of trace constituents, O3 and NOx
Examples: Photochemical Smog - urban, natural
Ozone
- interactions with UV, ozone hole, etc.
Temperature
vs altitude, "spheres" and "pauses"
Diffusion coefficient of particles
Langevin integral of equation of motion
Methods of measuring particle size
distributions
Nuclepore filters
Electrical mobility analyzers
Particles in Curvilinear Flow
Equation of motion
Theory of filtration
Collection efficiency
experimental data
Stokes number
Examples: aircraft icing
fog
harvesting
Relative diffusion coefficient
Monodisperse coagulation of an aerosol
Polydisperse coagulation
Transport of mass through size distribution
Removal processes
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VI. Kinematics of Fluids
Tangential shear stress and the definition
of a fluid
Position vector, velocity, and acceleration
Eulerian and Lagrangian derivatives
Rotation and vorticity
Decomposition of general fluid motion
Irrotational flow - Laplaces
equation
Example - motion
of ideal fluid past a sphere
Forces on a fluid parcel - surface
and body
General condition for hydrostatic
equilibrium
VII. Dynamics of an Ideal Fluid
Equation of motion
Cartesian coordinates
Curvilinear coordinates
Integrals of equation of motion
Bernoulli's equation - incompressible
- compressible
Vorticity equation
VIII. Atmospheric Acoustics
Basic assumptions, adiabatic perturbation
Wave equation
Solutions of wave equation, d'Alembert's method
One-dimension
Three-dimensions
Velocity of sound
Acoustic refraction and Snell's law
Acoustic trajectory equations
Acoustic anemometer/thermometer
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IX. Real Fluids
Laminar vs. turbulent flow
Stresses and Newton's hypothesis
Equation of motion
Vorticity equation
Similarity and modeling
Reynolds number
Examples - low Re flow
Poiseuille flow
Flow past a solid sphere
Stoke's law
Flow at high Re
Non-dimensional drag coefficient - low
Re
- high Re
Prandtl boundary layer hypothesis
Solving problems at high Re.
X. Turbulent Fluids (Optional)
Examples of motion
Mean motion - averaging interval
Euler equation to form of Navier-Stokes
Reynolds stresses
Isotropic-approximation, eddy viscosity,
etc.
XI. The Sun and the Earth's Radiation Budget
Structure of the sun
Radiant flux and intensity
Blackbody radiation
Stefan-Boltzmann law, Wien's law
Planck spectral distribution
Solar radiation
Radiation from the Earth and the atmosphere
Lines vs. continuum
Selective emission and absorption
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Effective temperature of a planet
Earth's albedo
Radiation budget
XII. Radiative Transfer
Shortwave transport through a thin layer
Scattering and absorption
Extinction coefficient
Extinction cross-section
and mean free path
Vertical optical depth
Integral of transport equation
Langley plot
Method of measurement
Analysis
Shortwave optical
thickness
Ozone
Turbidity
Angstrom turbidity
coefficient and size distribution
Scattering - basics
Extinction plus re-radiation
Scattering plane, scattering angle
Angular distribution, phase
function
Size parameter
Rayleigh and Mie
scattering
The aerosol and climate
Optical properties of a thin layer
Effect of layer on radiation budget
Equation of transfer with scattering and
emission
Integral of equation of transfer
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XIII. Scattering from a Single Target
Rayleigh scattering - dimensional analysis
Electromagnetic radiation
Polarizability
Radiation fields
Poynting vector
Polarization - single scattering, skylight
Unpolarized Rayleigh phase function
Refractive index of a gas and molecular
polarizability
Rayleigh scattering cross-sections
Rayleigh optical depths
Refractive index of a liquid or solid
Rayleigh scattering from water
drops
Radar scattering and absorption
cross-sections
Radar back-scattering
cross-section
Radar meteorology and applications
Reflectivity factor
Estimates of rainfall
Dual polarization radars
Doppler radars
XIV. Multiple Scattering
Scattering and absorption at large size
parameters
Computation of Mie coefficients
Cloud layers
Extinction cross-sections
Photon mean free path
Optical thickness
Single-scattering albedo
Asymmetry factor
Optical properties of deep layers
Two-stream approximation
Scaled optical thickness and scaling
relations
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XV. Cloud Physics
Vertical stability and convection
Humidity of parcel in an updraft
Condition for an increase in RH
RH vs time for parcel in an updraft with
condensation
Drop growth equation-again
Surface tension
Gibbs-Thomson equation
Effects of solute
Köhler curves
Critical supersaturation
Critical radius
Effects of latent heat
Nucleation and growth in an updraft
Rain formation by stochastic coagulation
Bergerson-Findeisen process
Entrainment
XVI. Lightning and Atmospheric Electricity
Overview of the global electric circuit
Fair weather electric fields and
conductivity
Thunderstorms as electrical generators
Charge structure of a thunderstorm
Mechanisms of electrification
Inductive
Non-inductive
Lightning
Types and frequency
Flash densities and strike
probabilities
Luminous phenomena
Physical properties of return
strokes
Mechanisms of damage
Protection
(8/2000)
operator - gradient,
divergence, and curl